心脏衰竭怎样治疗

心脏衰竭如何治疗配图，仅供参考

5.1. In-Patient Management of HF
‘In-patient’ management of HF: It is advised to admit the patient in the telemetry bed or in ICU and the treatment is based on the following points.
Monitor oxygen,whether PaO2 < 60% or SaO2 < 90%.
Provide noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in the few cases with respiratory distress for respiratory support to avoid subsequent intubation.
Use the following pharmacological agents depending on the precipitating factors and symptoms/signs for congestion:
1. Diuretics (thiazides,loop diuretics and potassium sparing) (to reduce the edema by the reduction of blood volume and venous pressure) and salt restriction (to reduce fluid retention) in patients with current or previous heart failure symptoms and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) for symptomatic relief.
2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for neuro-hormonal modification,vasodilatation and improvement in LVEF (substitute them with hydralazine and/or nitrates in patients unresponsive to ACEIs and ARBs).
3. Beta-adrenergic blockers for neuro-hormonal modification,improvement in symptoms and LVEF,survival benefit,arrhythmia prevention and control of ventricular rate.
4. Aldosterone antagonists,as an adjunct to other drugs for additive diuresis,heart failure symptom control,improved heart rate variability,decreased ventricular arrhythmias,reduction in cardiac workload,improved LVEF and an increase in survival.
5. Digoxin,which can lead to a small increase in cardiac output,improvement in heart failure symptoms and a decreased rate of heart failure hospitalizations.
6. Anticoagulants,if applicable,to decrease the risk of thromboembolism.
7. Inotropic agents to restore organ perfusion and reduce congestion in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction,so as to increase in cardiac output and reduce neuro-humoral activation.
8. Some other agents have been described under clinical trial ).","department":"