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6. Treatment of colorectal cancer
Early diagnosis is a key factor in improving the survival of patients with CRC ). Several types of cancer may be treatable if detected at an early stage,before metastases develop ). Generally,the standard modes of cancer treatment are chemotherapy,surgery and radiation ),or a combination of these for advanced-stage disease ). The choice of treatment for CRC follows a multimodal approach that depends on tumor-related characteristics,such as location,size,extent of cancer metastasis and the health status of the patient ). In general,various treatment approaches for primary and metastatic (mtCRC) have emerged,providing patients with more options; these approaches involve laparoscopic surgery for primary CRC (early-stage),more aggressive resection of mtCRC (such as pulmonary and liver metastases),radiotherapy for RC,neoadjuvant chemotherapy and palliative chemotherapy ). Surgical resection is the main modality for patients with potentially curable and localized early-stage CRC ); however,depending on the disease stage,neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy may be administered before or after surgery ). Among the various types of solid tumors,it is only in patients with CRC that the survival rate can be increased by the surgical removal of distant metastases from organs such as the lungs and liver. The survival of patients with unresectable mtCRC can be increased by treatment with systemic chemotherapy ). In CRC,the use of chemotherapy is usually combined with monoclonal antibodies against EGFR and VEGF to inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis ). A palliative systemic approach is used for non-surgical CRC cases (patients with late-stage mtCRC) to improve the quality of life and prolong life expectancy ). To increase treatment effectiveness and reduce the side effects of traditional chemotherapy,alternative therapies are currently under investigation,such as anti-inflammatory drugs,gold-based drugs,agarose macrobeads and probiotics ). However,despite the advances in the treatment of CRC,late diagnosis of the disease and the lack of safety and effectiveness of chemotherapy remain major obstacles in treatment efficacy ).","department":"