红斑狼疮怎样治疗

红斑狼疮如何治疗配图，仅供参考

Treatment
Since the approval of hydroxychloroquine in 1955,the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has included three additional therapies for SLE: belimumab,a B-lymphocyte stimulator inhibitor,Anifrolumab,an anti-IFNAR receptor antibody,and voclosporin,a calcineurin inhibitor ). Belimumab and voclosporin are specifically approved for lupus nephritis. Currently,hydroxychloroquine is the only FDA-approved for CLE ). Despite this,antimalarials [hydroxychloroquine (HCQ),chloroquine,and quinacrine] and topical corticosteroids remain first-line for the treatment of CLE. Topical calcineurin inhibitors may be used as an alternative to corticosteroids for sensitive areas of the skin and long-term use ). About 65% of patients with CLE respond to some variation of these therapies ). In CLE refractory to antimalarials,methotrexate (MTX),and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) are the most effective immunosuppressives,but they may not be tolerated ). There are several reports of Azathioprine treating CLE,though MTX and MMF are typically more effective ). Dapsone may be considered in recalcitrant CLE as there is some evidence of its success ). Retinoids have demonstrated success in CLE as well,though long-term use is required,which increases the risk of adverse effects ). Lenalidomide,a thalidomide analog,has recently been used for patients with refractory CLE ). It shares similar efficacy to thalidomide with an improved safety profile ). Though these therapies effectively reduce disease burden in patients,off-label use makes them difficult to obtain. For example,patients must pay out of pocket for quinacrine,a drug that has shown efficacy in patients that do not respond to HCQ alone ). As there are no curative therapies for CLE,the medications listed above are intended only to mitigate disease burden. Even when properly managed,damage that developed due to previous disease activity is notoriously difficult to resolve.","department":"